
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity          & 1.360$^{***}$ & 1.367$^{***}$ & 1.370$^{***}$ & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.102$^{***}$ & 0.100$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.173)       & (0.181)       & (0.189)       & (0.021)       & (0.022)       & (0.024)\\   
   Population                 & 0.493         & 0.322         & 0.239         & 0.007         & 0.007         & -0.003\\   
                              & (0.341)       & (0.453)       & (0.604)       & (0.067)       & (0.089)       & (0.126)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 1.163$^{***}$ & 1.245$^{***}$  & 1.234$^{***}$ & 0.088$^{***}$ & 0.096$^{***}$ & 0.090$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.239)       & (0.242)        & (0.256)       & (0.020)       & (0.018)       & (0.020)\\   
   Predicted population        & -0.410$^{*}$  & -0.700$^{***}$ & -0.717$^{**}$ & -0.028        & -0.060        & -0.056\\   
                               & (0.224)       & (0.255)        & (0.292)       & (0.039)       & (0.037)       & (0.041)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.454$^{***}$ & 1.489$^{***}$ & 1.466$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$ & 0.115$^{***}$ & 0.107$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.199)       & (0.196)       & (0.208)       & (0.023)       & (0.024)       & (0.025)\\   
   Population                            & 0.170         & -0.313        & -0.241        & 0.024         & -0.049        & -0.035\\   
                                         & (0.423)       & (0.535)       & (0.719)       & (0.109)       & (0.133)       & (0.163)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 252; 13       & 291; 8        & 243; 5        & 252; 13       & 291; 8        & 243; 5\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.803$^{***}$     & 0.836$^{***}$     & 0.844$^{***}$     & -0.023        & 0.001         & 0.010         \\
                               & (0.076)           & (0.082)           & (0.087)           & (0.031)       & (0.032)       & (0.033)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.320$^{***}$    & -0.417$^{***}$    & -0.453$^{**}$     & 0.327$^{***}$ & 0.254$^{**}$  & 0.217$^{*}$   \\
                               & (0.103)           & (0.145)           & (0.173)           & (0.097)       & (0.103)       & (0.109)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 20,880        & 19,784        & 17,584        & 20,880        & 19,784        & 17,584\\  
Dropping top \% of counties & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% & 5\% & 10\% & 20\% \\
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


